X
Lost password?

Don't have an account?
Gain Access Now

X

Receive free daily analysis

NFL
NBA
NHL
NASCAR
CFB
MLB
MMA
PGA
ESPORTS
BETTING

Already have an account? Log In

X

Forgot Password


POPULAR FANTASY TOOLS

Expert Advice
Articles & Tools
Import Your Leagues
Weekly Rankings
Compare Any Players
Stats & Leaders
Starts and Sit
Daily Fantasy
Who To Pickup
24x7 News and Alerts

Quarterback Draft Bargains - Fantasy Football ADP Arbitrage: Kyler Murray, Jalen Hurts, Ryan Tannehill

Kyler Murray - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, Draft Targets

Let's finish up this series with a look at the all-important quarterback position. When you're done, you should look back at running backwide receiver, and tight end ADP comps as well.

While ADP is very informative and can help you be informed about where you should start worrying about potentially missing out on a player, it shouldn't affect your decisions massively. Take Josh Allen's 2021 season: 402.6 fantasy points to lead the whole NFL and the current holder of a 34 ADP that is seeing him drafted inside the first three rounds of drafts these days and as the clear-cut no. 1 QB. Does that mean you should absolutely trust Allen having another monster year that when all is said and done gives you a good return on investment after paying a second-round pick for him? Nope! In fact, the most logical thing to happen is Allen regressing and finishing with more average-ish fantasy numbers in 2022.

In this four-entry series, I'll go through the four offensive positions of fantasy football, highlighting names that are going cheap in early drafts and evaluating how they are expected to produce similar numbers to other much more-hyped players.

Be sure to check all of our fantasy football rankings for 2024:

 

Identifying Undervalued QBs for Fantasy Football

I'm not going to play games in this column and bring middling names to the table, no. Instead of that, I'll be going for the fences and swinging the bat with all of the power to get some fantasy-heavy names here and there. No second-tier players here, that is.

Everybody knows that nobody is drafting a quarterback with a top-24 pick. That said, it's normal to see one or two QBs making their way toward a third- or fourth-round spot. This season, there are only two players getting drafted inside the first four rounds of fantasy drafts and one of them is a pleasant surprise: Josh Allen is getting off draft boards with an ADP of 34 (third round) and that's perfectly reasonable; to find Justin Herbert boasting the second-highest ADP among all 2022 quarterbacks, though, is as surprising as it gets but looks like a gamble most fantasy GMs out there are willing to take ahead of the next campaign.

Patrick Mahomes and Lamar Jackson, two more than established quarterbacks, are getting drafted in the fifth round with three more QBs (all of them still into their early years and with tons of upside and development ahead) drafted into the first six rounds this summer. With so many cheaper options down the board having a similar upside to those two/two/three split players, and with the QB position always giving value to those not betting unconsciously on past performance, you're probably better off waiting for a late-round option rather than drafting any of Josh Allen or... well, Justin Herbert.

Here is what I'm looking for when trying to identify comps for these top-two players at lower spots. If we build some sort of "combined profile" of the two, we can land at something close to:

  • At least 265 FP on the season
  • At least 50 fantasy points rushing

 

Identifying QB Bargains with RD4+ ADP

After applying those filters and thresholds to the projections data, this is what I was left with.

That chart is definitely not very promising for those chasing a Zero-QB strategy, is it? With the exception of Ryan Tannehill, all other quarterbacks fitting the model above have ADPs below the 70th pick OVR. Quite pricey! I'll be mentioning other names below, of course, but keep in mind that if you're looking for actual quarterbacks with huge total FP and a more-than-regular outcome on rushing plays, well, it's not that those were abundant in the 2021 landscape.

Naming hidden names: only Justin Fields, Sam Darnold, Zach Wilson, and Taysom Hill (who I don't even rate as a quarterback) posted 40+ PPR points via rushing last year. The positive thing about that: Fields and Wilson were rookies last year, Hill can do a little bit of everything, and Darnold is a solid-yet-mediocre player. The negative: Fields plays football in Chicago, Wilson might miss more than a couple of weeks after reinjuring his knee, Darnold got demoted to a QB2 role after Carolina added Baker Mayfield, and Hill is (again) not a quarterback. Ugh.

Anyway, let's explore the field and try to find some upside where there seemingly is nothing of value to uncover.

 

Kyler Murray, Arizona Cardinals (ADP 61.5)

Murray's ADP went from a 10th-round pick as a rookie, to a sixth, then a third last year. It'd have made sense for him to stay around that level, but the truth is that he's back down to the sixth-round realm in 12-team leagues this summer. Which is pretty much a bargain all things considered.

Murray didn't have an extraordinary year as a rookie but he still posted up an average of 17.8 FPPG on his way to a top-eight finish among QBs. He doubled down on that with a 23.7 FPPG average and a top-three finish in 2020, and even though he missed three games entirely last year, he was good for another top-10 finish. You just don't get that type of production on a yearly basis from someone drafted in the sixth round. But here we are.

PFF is projecting Murray to the seventh-best total FP tally next season to the tune of 356.4 fantasy points. That's nearly the same projection as the one the company is assigning Justin Herbert (358.0) with the difference that Herbert is getting drafted inside the fourth round and Murray is still available into the sixth.

Murray is one of only six quarterbacks projected for 100+ rushing attempts and one of only four with a projection of 600+ rushing yards and six rushing TDs.

 

Jalen Hurts, Philadelphia Eagles (ADP 68.8)

I keep reading and seeing people out there hating on Hurts and I can't understand one tiny bit of it. Why all of the vitriol, honestly? Hurts got to the NFL a couple of seasons ago, played 15 games (only four of those starting, mind you), and still finished that rookie part-time season with 354 rushing yards and three rushing TDs along with six passing TDs against just four INTs in 148 throws (1,061 yards, 52% completion rate).

Hurts, starting all games in which he appeared last season (15), was good for a QB1 (top-nine) finish in his first true year starting for a pretty mediocre Eagles franchise barred of talent. Yet, haters kept popping up everywhere. The 23-year-old commander improved all across the board on the passing front (61.3% completed passes, 3,144 yards, 16:9 TD:INT) and posted historical numbers on the ground with 784 rushing yards and 10 TDs in just 139 scrambles.

Yes, I wrote "historical" on purpose. Only Cam Newton and Lamar Jackson (three times) have ever rushed the rock 139+ times along with Hurts, but none of the two ever scored more than seven rushing touchdowns while only Jackson (twice) topped Hurts' 784 yards.

Lamar's ADP coming off his legitimately great rushing campaigns were 13.9 ahead of 2020 and 33.7 before last season. Hurts' ADP is more than double that last figure. Please, don't let him slip past one of your first six picks.

 

Justin Fields, Chicago Bears (ADP 117.9)

The same as you can label Hurts "Kyler Lite," I guess you can label Fields "Costco Hurts" or something of the like. Fields has still worlds to improve if he wants to reach Hurts--let alone Murray--in terms of overall play and fantasy upside, but he might be on the verge of making the true leap this next season. Fields, same as Hurts, played only a part-time role in Chicago last year appearing on 12 games and starting 10.

Even then, Fields was better than Hurts as a rookie with more rushing yards (only one fewer TD), more passing yards, come completions and accuracy, and more passing TDs. Fields, of course, rushed the rock a lot (72 times) for a ton of yards (420) and a fantastic 5.8 YPC while at it scoring a couple of rushing touchdowns throughout the season.

Here are all quarterbacks with 420+ rushing yards and 2+ rushing TDs on fewer than 75 carries in the past 20 years: Donovan McNabb, Daunte Culpepper, Colin Kaepernick, Mitchell Trubisky, and Justin Fields. The first four were able to reach those numbers over full years and backed up by solid passing work while Fields had to do it without having the benefit of defenses staying honest as Fields' passing game was still developing.

The Bears are definitely not the team you want to chase when it comes to getting fantasy points from receiving/passing statistics, but the trio of Darnell Mooney, Byron Pringle, and N'Keal Harry should do enough to at least keep Fields viable on the passing front while the quarterback by himself should be good on the ground to boost his FP tally a good bunch.

 

Ryan Tannehill, Tennessee Titans (ADP 155.0)

Tannehill is definitely not the most exciting quarterback out there but he does enough on a yearly basis for someone steadily going so under the radar. Since signing with Tennessee, Tannehill has put together three consecutive top-22 QB seasons and finished as a QB1 in each of the past two years. He regressed quite a bit last season, yes, but it was just a little bump in the road and he still found a way to average 15.8 FPPG and beat his ADP (QB13) with a QB12 finish.

The Titans are not going to turn into a bombs-away team all of a sudden, let alone with Derrick Henry still in the middle of his prime and churning out yards off his majestic rushing. That said, Tennessee acquired Robert Woods and spent a high pick on Treylon Burks for a reason after being forced to trade A.J. Brown away.

Now, if you're too much into data crunching, you might don't picture Tannehill as a rushing quarterback in your head. It's reasonable because his rushing numbers are definitely not mindblowing. Even then, though, he's scored seven touchdowns in back-to-back seasons while getting an eerily similar 266 and 270 rushing yards in each of the past two years.

Should we expect Tannehill's rushing production to regress to a more reasonable mean? Yes. Or should we? Only 23 quarterbacks have had player-seasons of 7+ TDs since 2000 included. Two of those belong to Tannehill. That definitely has to do with the way the Titans operate and scheme plays. But nothing has changed in Tennessee so there will be nothing preventing Tannehill from having another five-TD season on the ground, honestly. Don't sleep on RT, because the context benefits his production, is a tried and tested one, and he's thrived in it for two years and running (pun intended).

 

Zach Wilson, New York Jets (ADP 156.8)

See, I could lie to you straight to your face by saying I grew enamored of Zach Wilson's rookie season. I could do so, but that's just a blatantly fake statement on my part. That said, though, I liked what I see and although Wilson was kinda mediocre as a freshman he still showed some traits that could prove valuable going forward and in a short time.

Wilson is one of only 36 rookie quarterbacks to start 13+ games in their first year in the NFL since 2000. Wilson's 11.7 FPPG figure is tied for the 23rd-best mark among those in that group; nothing incredible but nothing horrible either. What I liked about Wilson's rookie year, though, is how confident he was in his legs.

Wilson only got 29 carries to showcase his abilities, yes, but he did so to the tune of 185 rushing yards and an average of 6.4 YPC, the fourth-highest mark among those same 36 quarterbacks. He also scored four touchdowns on the ground, something only 13 of those 36 passers can claim as a feat for themselves.

It's hard for Wilson to drop further down the ADP leaderboard as he's already getting drafted into the 14th round of 12-team drafts, but there is a chance after he sustained a knee injury in the preseason. I would definitely not advice making Wilson your QB1, and perhaps not even your second option in 2-QB leagues, but definitely keep an eye on the waiver wire just in case you need a solid option at some point with very valuable rushing upside.



Download Our Free News & Alerts Mobile App

Like what you see? Download our updated fantasy football app for iPhone and Android with 24x7 player news, injury alerts, rankings, starts/sits & more. All free!

More Fantasy Football Analysis




POPULAR FANTASY TOOLS

Expert Advice
Articles & Tools
Import Your Leagues
Weekly Rankings
Compare Any Players
Stats & Leaders
Starts and Sit
Daily Fantasy
Who To Pickup
24x7 News and Alerts

REAL-TIME FANTASY NEWS

Sidney Crosby16 mins ago

Tallies Three Points On Thursday
Nikola Jokic11 hours ago

Questionable Versus Brooklyn
Framber Valdez11 hours ago

Astros Avoid Arbitration
Santi Aldama12 hours ago

Will Return On Thursday Night
Jaren Jackson Jr.12 hours ago

Will Suit Up Versus Houston
Desmond Bane12 hours ago

Active Against Rockets
Randy Arozarena12 hours ago

Mariners Avoid Arbitration
Ja Morant12 hours ago

Back On Thursday Night
Robert Williams III12 hours ago

Resting On Thursday
Daniel Gafford12 hours ago

Ready To Return On Thursday
Tim Hardaway Jr.12 hours ago

Will Not Play Against The Warriors
Bruce Brown12 hours ago

Out On Thursday
Davion Mitchell12 hours ago

Available Thursday
Moses Moody13 hours ago

Will Not Play On Thursday
Dennis Schröder13 hours ago

Dennis Schroder Available Versus Pistons
Draymond Green13 hours ago

Good To Go Thursday
Stephen Curry13 hours ago

Upgraded To Available Thursday
Giannis Antetokounmpo13 hours ago

Probable Against Orlando On Friday
Mason Marchment13 hours ago

Recovering From Surgery
Jalen Hurts13 hours ago

Practices In Full, On Pace To Play On Sunday
Samuel Ersson13 hours ago

Returns To Action Against Stars
Sean Monahan13 hours ago

Placed On Injured Reserve
Khris Middleton13 hours ago

Probable For Friday
Evgeni Malkin14 hours ago

A Game-Time Call Thursday
Filip Chytil14 hours ago

Will Not Play Thursday
Robert Williams III14 hours ago

Questionable On Thursday
Igor Shesterkin14 hours ago

Returns To Rangers Crease Thursday
Brock Faber14 hours ago

Out On Thursday
Jerami Grant14 hours ago

Ruled Out On Thursday
Damian Lillard14 hours ago

Likely Available For Friday
John Metchie III14 hours ago

Listed As Questionable For Wild-Card Weekend
Cade Otton15 hours ago

Upgrades To Full Participation On Thursday
Quentin Johnston15 hours ago

Questionable For Wild-Card Weekend
J.K. Dobbins15 hours ago

Questionable For Wild-Card Weekend
Jake Knapp15 hours ago

Withdraws From Sony Open
Joshua Palmer15 hours ago

Ruled Out For Wild-Card Weekend
Michael Thorbjornsen15 hours ago

Withdraws From Sony Open
Davion Mitchell16 hours ago

Probable Against Cleveland
Ochai Agbaji16 hours ago

Ruled Out Thursday Against Cleveland
Luis Arraez16 hours ago

Padres Settle On $14 Million Deal
A.J. Brown17 hours ago

Being Rested On Thursday
Tarik Skubal17 hours ago

Tigers Avoid Arbitration
Dylan Cease17 hours ago

And Padres Avoid Arbitration
Logan Gilbert17 hours ago

Mariners Avoid Arbitration
Tyreek Hill17 hours ago

"Committed" To Dolphins
Las Vegas Raiders17 hours ago

Raiders Fire General Manager Tom Telesco After One Season
Zay Flowers18 hours ago

Officially Out For Wild-Card Game
Zay Flowers19 hours ago

Not Practicing Friday, Highly Unlikely To Play Saturday
Garrett Crochet23 hours ago

Boston Discussing Long-Term Deal
Matthew Tkachuk23 hours ago

Tallies Two Helpers In Victory
Petr Mrazek23 hours ago

Stands Tall Against Colorado
Connor Bedard23 hours ago

Tallies Goal, Assist On Wednesday
Logan Thompson24 hours ago

Leads The Way In Overtime Victory
Pierre-Luc Dubois24 hours ago

Scores Twice On Wednesday
Jeff Petry24 hours ago

Placed On Injured Reserve
Trent Miner2 days ago

Set For First Career Start On Wednesday
Beck Malenstyn2 days ago

To Remain Out On Thursday
Jiri Kulich2 days ago

Out Week-To-Week
Thatcher Demko2 days ago

Unavailable Wednesday
Elias Pettersson2 days ago

A Game-Time Call Against Capitals
Jonathan Drouin2 days ago

Out Wednesday
Aaron Ekblad2 days ago

A Game-Time Decision Wednesday
Davis Thompson2 days ago

Starts 2025 Season Well
PGA2 days ago

J.T. Poston Disappoints At The Sentry
Chris Kirk2 days ago

Sputters At The Sentry
Billy Horschel2 days ago

Looks Forward To Sony Open
Brian Harman2 days ago

Gets 2025 Started With A Rough Start
PGA2 days ago

Cameron Davis Finishes Strong At The Sentry
Keegan Bradley2 days ago

Starts 2025 Season Well
NFL2 days ago

Bill Belichick Has No Plans To Return To The NFL
Deebo Samuel Sr.2 days ago

49ers Plan To Bring Deebo Samuel Sr. Back Next Year
Zay Flowers2 days ago

Absent From Wednesday's Practice
Braxton Garrett2 days ago

To Miss 2025 Season Following Elbow Surgery
Taylor Pendrith2 days ago

Is A Dark-Horse Pick For Sony Open
Jalen Hurts2 days ago

Expected To Practice On Wednesday
Eric Cole2 days ago

Looking For Bounce-Back Performance At Sony Open
Zay Flowers2 days ago

A Long Shot To Play On Wild-Card Weekend
Sahith Theegala2 days ago

A Big Name To Stay Away From At Sony Open
Nick Dunlap2 days ago

Looks To Bounce Back At Sony Open
Tom Kim2 days ago

Making Season Debut At Sony Open
Hideki Matsuyama2 days ago

Looks To Make History At Waialae
Tanner Scott2 days ago

Mets Meet With Tanner Scott
Justin Verlander3 days ago

Signs One-Year Contract With San Francisco
NFL3 days ago

Ashton Jeanty Declares For 2025 NFL Draft
Tua Tagovailoa3 days ago

Dolphins Have "No Concern At All" About Tua Tagovailoa's Long-Term Health
Las Vegas Raiders3 days ago

Raiders Fire Head Coach Antonio Pierce
David Montgomery3 days ago

Expected To Return For Divisional Round
Tyreek Hill3 days ago

Dolphins Say Tyreek Hill Did Not Request A Trade
Brandon Woodruff3 days ago

Hopes To Be Ready By Opening Day
Luke Clanton3 days ago

A Player To Watch At Sony Open
Thomas Detry3 days ago

In Solid Form Ahead Of Sony Open
Russell Henley3 days ago

A Course Horse At Sony Open
Stephan Jaeger3 days ago

A Risky Option At Sony Open
Kurt Kitayama3 days ago

Makes 2025 Debut At Sony Open
Maverick McNealy3 days ago

Looks To Stay Hot In Hawaii
Brent Rooker3 days ago

Signs Five-Year Extension
Nolan Arenado3 days ago

Red Sox Emerge As Strong Candidate To Land Nolan Arenado
Michael Lorenzen4 days ago

Signs One-Year Deal With Kansas City
Gavin Lux4 days ago

Traded To Cincinnati
Luis Arraez4 days ago

Yankees Talking With Padres About Luis Arraez
Clayton Kershaw6 days ago

Intends To Pitch In 2025, Expected To Return To Los Angeles

RANKINGS

QB
RB
WR
TE
K
DEF
RANKINGS
C
1B
2B
3B
SS
OF
SP
RP

MORE RECENT ARTICLES

 
Ladd McConkey - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, DFS Lineup Picks

NFL DFS Lineup Picks For FanDuel, DraftKings - Chargers vs. Texans Showdown Wild Card Weekend

Welcome back, RotoBallers! We have the first week of the playoffs and are here to cover you for every playoff game this season! First up we have The Los Angeles Chargers (11-6) traveling to Houston to take on the Texans (10-7) where the Chargers are three-point favorites in this one. I do not see anyone […]


Brock Bowers - Fantasy Football Rankings, TE, NFL Rookies, Draft Sleepers

Re-Drafting The 2024 NFL Draft: Entire First Round Do-Over

Is Caleb Williams or Jayden Daniels the better prospect? What about Drake Maye? The answer seemed obvious last April. It's not so clear now. With a year of NFL tape, franchises alter how they view rookies. Would management make the same selections or jump at the chance to snag a different prospect? Below, I redraft […]


Rashod Bateman - Fantasy Football Rankings, Draft Sleepers, NFL Injury News

Wide Receiver Matchups to Target on Wildcard Weekend - Courtland Sutton, Jalen McMillan, Rashod Bateman

Welcome to WR Matchups to Target: Wildcard Weekend edition. We finished the regular season with two more “in the money” picks (3x multiplier on DraftKings salary) including the WR1 on the week in Drake London, putting our final tally at 30 such picks for the regular season (34% rate). Six games are on deck in […]


Brian Robinson Jr. - Fantasy Football Rankings Running Backs, Waiver Wire Sleepers, NFL DFS Picks

Wild Card Weekend Fantasy Football Busts? Players Who May Disappoint Include Brian Robinson Jr., Najee Harris, Mike Evans, Amari Cooper, Jordan Love

Welcome back, RotoBallers, to our Wild Card Weekend fantasy football busts, or players who may disappoint. The regular fantasy football season is over but the games don't stop now. Whether you play in a playoff fantasy league or set DFS lineups, you'll want to avoid potential landmines. Below are my five fantasy football busts, or […]


Puka Nacua - Fantasy Football Rankings, Draft Sleepers, Waiver Wire Pickups

Free Wild Card Weekend NFL Betting Picks and Expert Predictions

Well, we only went 1-1 to close out the regular season last week. The Lions took care of business against the Minnesota Vikings and easily covered the 2.5-point spread. The Commanders, however, let us down after head coach Dan Quinn decided to pull Jayden Daniels from the game due to an injury scare. Washington would […]


Justin Tucker - Fantasy Football Rankings, Draft Sleepers, Kicker Streamers

NFL Wild Card Weekend Fantasy Football Weather Report

Welcome to the NFL playoffs! Sure, your traditional fantasy football league has come to an end, but there's still so much left to play for. There is the FFPC Playoff Challenge, Daily Fantasy Contests, and so much more. As always, the purpose of this article is to help you make informed lineup decisions based on […]


A.J. Brown - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, DFS and Betting Picks

Bold Predictions for Fantasy Football Wild Card Weekend: Justin Herbert, James Cook, A.J. Brown, Terry McLaurin, T.J. Hockenson

Wild Card Weekend is here, and I’m back with another edition of fantasy football bold predictions. This week’s list of bold predictions will include Justin Herbert, James Cook, A.J. Brown, Terry McLaurin, and T.J. Hockenson. Every week, I will provide some fun and bold fantasy football predictions. While these bold predictions aren’t the most likely […]


Jayden Daniels - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, DFS Lineup Picks

Wild Card Weekend DraftKings NFL DFS Lineup Picks - Main Slate: Jayden Daniels, Bucky Irving, Puka Nacua, and more

Welcome back, RotoBallers! We shift gears a bit this week, as we enter the NFL playoffs. Wild Card Weekend consists of six games spread across three days, and while the info found in this article is applicable across all the different slates that DraftKings is offering, this was written with the Sat-Mon "Main Slate" in […]


Jaxon Smith-Njigba - Fantasy Football Rankings, Draft Sleepers, NFL DFS Picks

Dynasty Fantasy Football Risers and Fallers - January 2025 Market Report

It's time to turn the page once more. The calendar has officially flipped from 2024 to 2025, and with that, we officially turn our attention toward our Dynasty leagues. Sure, there are still some post-season tournaments and a Super Bowl Champion still to be crowned, but putting in the work now can get fantasy managers […]


Jayden Daniels - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, DFS Lineup Picks

NFL DFS Lineup Picks For FanDuel, DraftKings - Commanders vs. Buccaneers SNF Showdown (Wild Card Weekend)

Welcome back, RotoBallers! The playoffs are finally here. In this piece, we will take a look at the Sunday Night Football showdown between the NFC South champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the wild-card Washington Commanders led by rookie quarterback Jayden Daniels. In this piece, I will break down my top choices for Captain/MVP, flex options, […]


Ashton Jeanty - College Football Rankings, NCAA CFB DFS Lineup Picks

Top Five NFL Draft Running Back Prospects of 2025

The 2024 regular season is over for both college football and the NFL, meaning many are already looking forward to the 2025 NFL Draft. Shrewd fantasy managers who play in Dynasty leagues or even those looking to get an edge in redraft formats would do well to gather as much information as possible. An important […]


AJ Brown - Fantasy Football Rankings, Draft Sleepers, NFL Injury News

PrizePicks NFL DFS Prop Picks - Over/Under Props for Wild Card Weekend (Sunday Main Slate)

Hello everybody, and welcome to our PrizePicks NFL DFS prop picks for Wild Card Weekend - Sunday Main Slate! The 2024 NFL season is now through the holiday season and into the playoff push, and our friends over at PrizePicks have a TON of great DFS plays we can look to take advantage of. Our […]


James Cook - Fantasy Football Rankings, NFL Injury News, DFS Lineup Picks

Wild Card Weekend Fantasy Football Projections: Running Backs (Half-PPR) - Brian Robinson, Aaron Jones, Kyren Williams, Bucky Irving, J.K. Dobbins

Welcome RotoBallers to our initial Wild Card Weekend fantasy football running back projections for the 2024 NFL season. Use these projections to set winning lineups and get an idea of how our rankings are set and determined. Ahead of the start of postseason action, check below for the expected output for key ball carriers such […]