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In my previous article, I wrote about my new weighted index statistic for hitters – mPDI, which stems from a famous quote by Hall of Fame pitcher, Greg Maddux:
“The key to pitching is to have the ability to throw a strike when they’re taking and throw a ball when the hitter is swinging.”
The Maddux Plate Discipline Index (mPDI) for hitters led us to uncover some plate discipline standouts such as Cavan Biggio and Christian Walker. Today, we will look at the pitching version of mPDI. We can enumerate the percentage of the time in which pitchers demonstrate Greg Maddux's formulation of deception. To review, each and every pitch thrown at a baseball game can be classified into one of the following tracked six outcomes:
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mPDI Matrix
| Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome C | Outcome D | Outcome E | Outcome F | |
| Zone? | Out of Zone | Out of Zone | Out of Zone | In Zone | In Zone | In Zone |
| Swing? | Swung On | Swung On | No Swing | Swung On | Swung On | No Swing |
| Contact? | No Contact | Contact Made | No Swing | No Contact | Contact Made | No Swing |
Closely resembling his quote, the Maddux Plate Discipline Index (mPDI) for pitchers is defined as:
Outcome A + Outcome B + Outcome F
Total Pitches
The version of mPDI for pitchers is the mirror image definition of the hitter’s mPDI [which aggregated Outcomes C, D & E]. To give context, an awful pitcher mPDI would be one nearing .250, while an elite one would approach .400. The average for 2019 was .315.
First, let’s start by looking at the 2019 mPDI leaderboard for pitchers (minimum 25 innings):
| Player | IP | mPDI |
| Sergio Romo | 60.3 | .390 |
| Ryan Pressly | 54.3 | .387 |
| Adam Morgan | 29.7 | .387 |
| Andrew Kittredge | 49.7 | .385 |
| Evan Marshall | 50.7 | .383 |
| Jimmy Cordero | 37.3 | .382 |
| Stephen Strasburg | 209.0 | .372 |
| Zac Gallen | 80.0 | .366 |
| Chaz Roe | 51.0 | .364 |
| Chris Sale | 147.3 | .364 |
| Victor Alcantara | 42.7 | .361 |
| Alex Claudio | 62.0 | .361 |
| Will Smith | 65.3 | .361 |
| Brandon Workman | 71.7 | .360 |
| Aaron Nola | 202.3 | .359 |
| Randy Dobnak | 28.3 | .358 |
| Matt Bowman | 32.0 | .358 |
| Tommy Milone | 111.7 | .358 |
| Adam Kolarek | 55.0 | .358 |
| Matt Wisler | 51.3 | .358 |
| Jose Berrios | 200.3 | .357 |
| Lucas Sims | 43.0 | .357 |
| Jake Jewell | 26.3 | .357 |
| Dominic Leone | 40.7 | .356 |
| Brad Hand | 57.3 | .355 |
| Blake Snell | 107.0 | .355 |
| Zack Greinke | 208.7 | .355 |
| Blake Treinen | 58.7 | .354 |
| Kyle Gibson | 160.0 | .354 |
| Tim Mayza | 51.3 | .354 |
| Jared Hughes | 71.3 | .353 |
| Austin Adams | 32.0 | .353 |
| Tony Watson | 54.0 | .353 |
| Scott Barlow | 70.3 | .352 |
| Collin McHugh | 74.7 | .351 |
| Jordan Hicks | 28.7 | .350 |
| Zack Britton | 61.3 | .350 |
| Jameson Taillon | 37.3 | .350 |
| Patrick Corbin | 202.0 | .350 |
| Luke Jackson | 72.7 | .350 |
| Keone Kela | 29.7 | .349 |
| Hyun-Jin Ryu | 182.7 | .349 |
| Yoshihisa Hirano | 53.0 | .349 |
| Miles Mikolas | 184.0 | .348 |
| Austin Pruitt | 47.0 | .348 |
| Jeurys Familia | 60.0 | .348 |
| Wandy Peralta | 39.7 | .347 |
| Noe Ramirez | 67.7 | .347 |
| Hector Neris | 67.7 | .346 |
| Tyson Ross | 35.3 | .346 |
| Charlie Morton | 194.7 | .346 |
| Kyle Hendricks | 177.0 | .346 |
| Joe Kelly | 51.3 | .345 |
| Pedro Strop | 41.7 | .345 |
| Yu Darvish | 178.7 | .345 |
| Jonathan Loaisiga | 31.7 | .345 |
Let’s dive into a few of these top Maddux Plate Discipline pitchers.
Stephen Strasburg (SP, WAS)
| Name | IP | mPDI | Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome F |
| Stephen Strasburg | 209.0 | .372 | .096 | .129 | .146 |
At the top of the mPDI leaderboard for starting pitchers, we find the World Series MVP, Stephen Strasburg. He was my pre-season prediction to win the NL Cy Young award. Last year, Strasburg compiled a 5.7 WAR, which was third-most amongst National League pitchers. He struck out a career high 251 batters, with a 10-year best 1.04 WHIP.
But today, we give him attention for his plate discipline and deception. Last year’s O-Swing% was 37%, the highest of his career. That means he was generating more swings out of the zone than ever before. His total swinging strike rate [in and out of the zone] was an elite 13.4% - also the best of his career.
It is too early to tell whether these gains have sustained in 2020, as he began the season injured. To date, in his 5 innings thus far, he has not fared well. His fastball velocity is down 2 MPH from last season, but his command looks decent with a first-pitch strike rate of almost 70%. If Strasburg can return to full health, look for him to continue to pitch at an ace level.
Ryan Pressly (RP, HOU)
| Name | IP | mPDI | Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome F |
| Ryan Pressly | 54.3 | .387 | .122 | .106 | .159 |
Ryan Pressly has quietly been one of the most effective relievers over the past couple of seasons. His .390 mPDI was the 2nd highest of any pitcher in the majors last year. Only Sergio Romo had a higher Maddux index. What jumps out from a plate discipline perspective is his Outcome A (out of the zone, swung on and missed). 12.2% of Pressly’s pitches in 2019 fell into this cohort, which was the 2nd highest in all of baseball. His Outcome F (in the zone, no swing) was also elite. Almost 16% of his pitches were taken for a strike without a swing!
Ryan caught my eye last season in his first 26 innings. From March to May last year, Pressly yielded only one earned run. Even more impressive – he only issued two walks during that span. As we see from his mPDI result, these were hardly lucky outcomes; Pressly is an elite deceptive reliever.
Pressly started 2020 with some injury concerns, but assuming he gets through those – the closer job will be his in Houston.
Evan Marshall (RP, CHW)
| Name | IP | mPDI | Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome F |
| Evan Marshall | 50.7 | .383 | .079 | .181 | .123 |
In an uncertain fantasy landscape, I prefer at times to roster (and activate) high strikeout middle relievers, rather than to play a poor 7th starting pitcher. It behooves the astute fantasy owner to look for a few unknown diamonds in the rough.
Evan Marshall is slowly becoming a trusted option in the South side of Chicago. He is being used in more and more high leverage situations, and has found himself recently pitching in the 8th inning of games.
mPDI can give us a clue as to why. Marshall’s Outcome B (Out of zone, swing and contact) was the highest of any pitcher in baseball last season at 18%. Almost one-fifth of his pitches were contacted while out of the zone – which is a key to generating poor contact. His hard-hit contact rate according to Statcast was 30% last season, and it has stayed low thus far in 2020 at 33%.
To start the season, in his first 11 innings, he has compiled a 2.38 ERA – which FIP and xFIP agree with (2.79 & 2.51 respectively). His WHIP is a mere 1.15 and he has yet to give up a barrel. His K% rate is 33.3% - which means that one out of every three batters he faces ends in a strikeout.
Should Alex Colome falter, I could see Marshall sliding into some save opportunities. Even if not, Marshall could be an excellent play in deeper formats.
Zac Gallen (SP, ARI)
| Name | IP | mPDI | Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome F |
| Zac Gallen | 80.0 | .366 | .090 | .120 | .156 |
Zac Gallen was traded from the Marlins to the Diamondbacks in the middle of last season, in a trade of prospects. The Marlins perhaps had enough pitching depth in the organization, and wanted to secure a position player, which are often more reliable. Perhaps though, Gallen was worth keeping.
After a 2.81 ERA in 80 innings last season, Gallen is off to a brilliant start in 2020. In his first five starts he has a 2.40 ERA, a dazzling 1.03 WHIP with 36 strikeouts in 30 innings. To boot, he has a near 50% groundball rate.
As for his plate discipline, Gallen was the 2nd best starting pitcher in terms of his mPDI. His Outcome F (in the zone, no swing) was superb, and his out of zone metrics are outstanding. His swinging strike rate was 12.8% last year, and so far in 2020 it is up to 13.0%! Gallen is increasing his use of sliders in his pitch mix this year – further perfecting his repertoire.
I have high hopes for Zac Gallen long term, and mPDI is thus far confirming my intuition in the short term.
Randy Dobnak (SP, MIN)
| Name | IP | mPDI | Outcome A | Outcome B | Outcome F |
| Randy Dobnak | 28.3 | .358 | .087 | .134 | .138 |
I did not expect to be writing about this next player. Randy Dobnak is an individual that I personally had not been high on for fantasy baseball. However, his results in 2020 have been stellar. In his first 5 games, he is currently 5th in the major leagues in ERA [among qualified starting pitchers] at 1.42. In fact, his career ERA is now sitting at 1.59 with a 1.01 WHIP. It seems fantastic, until one glances at his strikeouts which are sub-pedestrian. He struck out just 14 batters in 25 innings this season – less than a 5 K/9.
Then we come to his plate discipline. His mPDI of .358 was among last year’s top pitchers. Each one of his Maddux plate discipline outcomes are superb. Despite sub-par strikeouts, Dobnak has generated an elite 65% groundball rate this season; he is producing weak contact.
Succeeding at pitching is not only about raw "stuff." Effective pitching is highly dependent on deceptiveness. Using tangential guidance from Greg Maddux via mPDI, we are now clued into keeping an eye out for potentially undervalued pitchers such as Randy Dobnak.
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